Rum classifications - a complete list, part 3

As part of our rum consulting practice, we are frequently asked by our clients about the different types of rum available in the world. Most of them are only aware of differences based on color and are very surprised to learn about all the variables that can affect how a rum tastes. Following is a brief summary of the different types of rum, along with explanations that we hope will help you understand the complexity and diversity in the rum industry. These categories are not mutually exclusive (i.e., you can have a Pot Stilled, Naval Style, Aged rum).

The previous blog focused on classifications of rum based on fermentation method, it is now time to talk about how rum is classified based on the distillation method employed.

Rum types based on distillation method:

Pot Still: These are the earliest distillation devices (also used in the production of Brandy and Scotch). A basic pot still consists of three parts: the kettle, where the liquid mixture is boiled, the condenser, which cools down the vapors coming from the kettle, and the gooseneck, which connects the kettle to the condenser. The liquid obtained from this type of distillation is also known as “single distillate,” since it is processed through the still only once. Typically this liquid is processed a second time, thus producing a “double distillate” which is cleaner and stronger than the single distillate. Several distilleries have taken this a step further by running the distillate a third, even a fourth time through the still, obtaining a cleaner, stronger, more rectified spirit at the end of each run. Because the amount of liquid that can be distilled at one time with a pot still is limited to the size of the kettle, distillers employing this method must perform their work batch by batch, which is a very labor intensive process (the kettle must be cleaned in between batches).

Column Still: The continuous distillation system was created in an attempt to make the distillation process more consistent. It also reduced the amount of work required to process each batch, thus allowing for higher volumes of alcohol to be produced. A distillation column is constructed much like a vertical maze, made up of a number of horizontal trays placed at different levels throughout the column. Here the fermented liquid mixture is introduced into the column at its highest level while steam is introduced at its lowest level. As the liquid makes its way down the column, it is heated by the surrounding steam, and the alcohol in the mix is vaporized. Once it reaches the bottom of the column, the “wash” contains no alcohol and is removed through a release valve. The saturated steam is collected from the top of the column and is then cooled down, allowing it to condense. Depending on the type of alcohol desired, column still operators will employ several columns, each one feeding the next, each one producing a cleaner, stronger, more "rectified" spirit.

Luis Ayala is an author and rum consultant with Rum Runner Press, Inc. To learn more about rum, please visit http://www.rumshop.net/ or http://www.rumuniversity.com/.

Rum classifications - a complete list, part 2

As part of our rum consulting practice, we are frequently asked by our clients about the different types of rum available in the world. Most of them are only aware of differences based on color and are very surprised to learn about all the variables that can affect how a rum tastes. Following is a brief summary of the different types of rum, along with explanations that we hope will help you understand the complexity and diversity in the rum industry. These categories are not mutually exclusive (i.e., you can have a Pot Stilled, Naval Style, Aged rum).

The previous blog focused on classifications of rum based on raw material, it is now time to talk about how rum is classified based on the fermentation method employed in the conversion of sugar to alcohol.

Rum types based on fermentation method

Natural Fermentation: Natural fermentation is similar to the process used in the beer industry to make Lambic-style beer. Distilleries rely on wild, naturally occurring yeast, present in the air and in the cane juice to convert the sugars (sucrose) in the mash into alcohol. Natural fermentation takes place in open containers to maximize the exposure of the mash to the air. This type of fermentation, depending on the size of the vat, can take from one to two weeks, and the results are not always 100% duplicable.

Controlled Fermentation (batch): In this method, a particular strain of yeast, which is usually guarded as one of the distillery’s most valuable assets, is introduced into the mash and allowed to perform its job. To reduce the risk of natural fermentation from occurring, the controlled yeast is first mixed with a small batch of the mash, in some cases just a couple of ounces. Next, the yeast is allowed to multiply and reach a predetermined concentration. This starter is mixed with a larger amount of liquid, around a gallon, from the mash. This process is repeated two or three times until a large amount of highly concentrated starter is achieved, which is then added into the large fermentation tanks. Controlled fermentation done in this way usually takes only two to three days and the results are very predictable and reproducible.

Controlled Fermentation (continuous): One of the latest trends in the world of fermentation is that of fermenting in a continuous process rather than in batches. As the name implies, this method consists of a main fermentation tank that continuously receives a stream of diluted molasses. While the influx of molasses keeps the yeast thriving in the medium, an equal amount of liquid is extracted from a different place in the fermentation tank, already “digested” and ready to be distilled. While the concept of continuous fermentation is relatively new to the rum industry, it is not so in other fields, such as the medical industry. An early continuous process was a vinegar generator in which acetobacter attached to wood shavings inside a container with one opening on top and another one at the bottom. Trickling a sugar solution down through the container packed with the wood shavings produced vinegar. The acetic acid discourages contamination at conditions where the acetobacter thrive.

Luis Ayala is an author and rum consultant with Rum Runner Press, Inc. To learn more about rum, please visit http://www.rumshop.net/ or http://www.rumuniversity.com/.

Rum classifications - a complete list

As part of our rum consulting practice, we are frequently asked by our clients about the different types of rum available in the world. Most of them are only aware of differences based on color and are very surprised to learn about all the variables that can affect how a rum tastes. Following is a brief summary of the different types of rum, along with explanations that we hope will help you understand the complexity and diversity in the rum industry. These categories are not mutually exclusive (i.e., you can have a Pot Stilled, Naval Style, Aged rum).

Following is a list of all the classifications we have identified and cataloged. This post will focus on the first category, leaving the rest for subsequent blog entries.

• Classifications of rum based on raw material
• Classifications of rum based on fermentation method
• Classifications of rum based on distillation method
• Classifications of rum based on age
• Classifications of rum based on blending technique
• Classifications of rum based on style
• Classifications of rum based on added flavors
• Classifications of rum based on alcohol strength
• Classifications of rum based on color
• Classifications of rum based on marketing hype
• Summary
• References

Rum types based on raw material used:

Sugarcane Juice: many French rums (rhums) are made from 100% sugarcane juice, which is then fermented, distilled and aged. These rums tend to contain a high level of floral/herbal aromas and clearly differentiated from molasses-based rums. In French-speaking rum-producing countries, rums made from sugarcane juice are known as "Rhum Agricole," to differentiate them from "Rhum Industriel," which is made from molasses.

Molasses: when sugar processing plants extract sugar from the sugarcane juice, they boil the juice until crystals start to form, leaving behind a thick liquid known as molasses. Depending on how long they boil the juice and how much sugar they take out, one is left behind with Grade A Molasses (highest quality - highest percentage of fermentable sugar left), Grade B Molasses (slightly lower quality than Grade A), Grade C Molasses, Grade D Molasses and, finally, Black Strap Molasses (lower quality). The better rums in the market are made using higher quality molasses because they container a higher percentage of fermentable sugars and a lower percentage of chemicals (used to extract sugar crystals) that can interfere with yeast during the fermentation of the molasses.

Other: a couple of distilleries (in Eastern Europe, possibly elsewhere) have distilled alcohol from fermented sugar beet extracts and have attempted to sell the resulting alcohol as Rum. Fortunately they have faced opposition from larger markets and have not been able to export the product as such. Rum is made exclusively from sugarcane or its byproducts, anyone telling you otherwise is lying to you.

Luis Ayala is an author and rum consultant with Rum Runner Press, Inc. To learn more about rum, please visit http://www.rumshop.net/ or http://www.rumuniversity.com/.

Book Review: "CUBA The Legend Of Rum" by Anistatia Miller et al.

This book takes the reader on a journey that begins with the arrival of Columbus to the New World, including insightful background information about Marco Polo and the influential role he played in motivating Columbus (and his financial supporters) to find the mythical Cipango.

The entire first chapter is devoted to the introduction of the sugarcane, the interaction of the European conquistadores with the local Indians and, the economic importance of sugar.

The second chapter discusses the influence of Spanish and other European distillation traditions in the establishment of the foundation of Cuban rum.

Chapter Three is dedicated to the craft of Cuban rum, with special emphasis placed on the role played by the Master Blender (Maestro Ronero) and the style itself, which differentiates rums from Cuba from those from other countries around the world.

The remaining four chapters are a combination of tasting techniques, first person accounts and descriptions of different Havana Club products, classic cocktail recipes and important historical events and/or figures which have elevated the global image of Cuban rum.

Overall this book is well-researched and presented. Serious rum enthusiasts should definitely read it to fill a gap which may otherwise go unattended, as not many books have been written about rum from this very specific Cuban perspective.

Luis Ayala is an author and rum consultant with Rum Runner Press, Inc. To learn more about rum, please visit http://www.rumshop.net/ or http://www.rumuniversity.com/.

Book Review: Caribbean Rum – A Social and Economic History

Caribbean Rum – A Social and Economic History
By Frederick H. Smith

Over the past couple of decades I have read and studied most rum books available in the market. I can honestly say that this is the first book in a very long time to contribute new knowledge to the industry. Rather than following the true-and-tried formula of including a bit of history, overview of some rum companies and their products and offering a plethora of rum cocktail recipes, this book focuses exclusively on the social and economic impact of rum, from the slave plantations to modern society.

I was impressed by the level of research performed by the author to document the stress-relieving effect of rum on slaves (their owners would often make rum available and would encourage them to drink it in order to give them frequent escapes from reality), the ratios of rum production to rum consumptions per country in the Caribbean through the years, the social acceptance of drunkenness and its relationship to violence, etc.

Another area of the book that I was very impressed by, is the section devoted to describing the emergence of the rum economy, the threat it posed on European alcohol industries and the subsequent legislations that were put in place in an attempt to control the proliferation of rum.

All in all, this book is full of interesting facts and tables, all pearls of information for the true rum aficionado. Those seeking colorful pictures of ornate cocktails with palm trees on the background will be disappointed, but then again, there is a plethora of books to satisfy those consumers. This book is well researched, well written and I’m certain will be quoted by many future works on rum.

Luis Ayala is an author and rum consultant with Rum Runner Press, Inc. To learn more about rum, please visit http://www.rumshop.net/ or http://www.rumuniversity.com/.

Book Review: Moonshine!

Moonshine: Recipes * Tall Tales * Drinking Songs * Historical Stuff * Knee-Slappers *How to Make It * How to Drink It * Pleasin' the Law * Recoverin' the Next Day

by Matthew Rowley

An extremely engaging book about an excellent subject! Behind each page a new jewel: be it an anecdote, a recipe, a quote, an illustration or a fact, each and every page was worth reading. Most books about fermentation and/or distillation fall short in one area or another: some lack technical information, others lack historical facts; this book has it all and is written in a very clean and concise manner. If you are interested in makin’ your own and only want to buy one book, this is it! Here is a list of the chapters to give you an idea:

Chapter 1: A Wet Goods Primer
Chapter 2: A Long And Storied History
Chapter 3: Moonshine Today
Chapter 4: Mashing And Fermenting
Chapter 5: Stills And How To Build One
Chapter 6: Distilling
Chapter 7: Recipes

To top it all, the book is attractive enough to make it a coffee table item, where I’m sure it will be the subject of many conversations.

Luis Ayala is an author and rum consultant with Rum Runner Press, Inc. To learn more about rum, please visit http://www.rumshop.net/ or http://www.rumuniversity.com/.

Rum: Gate Of The Imagination

“Traveling is like flirting with life.
It's like saying, ‘I would stay and love you,

but I have to go; this is my station.’”
-Lisa St. Aubin de Terán

Traveling to the Caribbean always brings a few days of sheer pleasure into my mind. No amount of airport delays or missed connections will ever make me give up visiting the islands. As the trips approach their end, however, I'm always filled with sadness, since I know that a return home is imminent. Perhaps that is why I enjoy bringing back so many rum bottles with me: it is as if each bottle holds a memory, an image, a dream of living in the tropics, and every time I drink from that bottle, part of me is magically transported back.

I like drinking other spirits, Tequila for instance, but they never have the same effect on me: I rather be surrounded by sugarcane fields and palm trees than by blue agaves!

Following are some of my fondest memory from the Caribbean:

• Drinking "Corn and Oil" and eating fried flying fish in Barbados after a long walk on the beach. Corn 'n Oil is a cocktail made with Falernum (an alcoholic symple syrup with some spices) and rum, very tasty but also very sweet!
• Drinking "Dirty Bananas" at the Half Moon Villa in Montego Bay, Jamaica. Dirty Bananas are very similar to banana milkshakes but with rum and coffee and/or chocolate liqueur.
• Drinking a Lime Daiquiri made with Brinley Gold Lime Rum at the Brinley Bar and Shop in St. Kitts.
• Sipping Seventh Heaven or Bois Bande-infused rums at the St. Lucia Distillers visitor's center, a heavenly reward after spending time in Soufriere.

What are your most pleasant rum memories? Where does your mind wander when it needs a break?

Luis Ayala is an author and rum consultant with Rum Runner Press, Inc. To learn more about rum, please visit http://www.rumshop.net/ or http://www.rumuniversity.com/.